At the origins of ultra-low-noise microwave technology

Abstract

The article explores the history of low‑noise microwave technology in the USSR and the establishment of the Cryoelectronics Research Institute (later NPO “Saturn”). It highlights the development of cryoelectronics, introduction of gallium arsenide technologies, creation of an independent component base, and the design of advanced low‑noise receiving systems for telecommunications, radio astronomy, and national security.